Análise dos modelos de pagamento aplicados ao financiamento federal na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde / Analysis of payment models applied to federal funding from the perspective of the Brazilian Health System

Objetivo: Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar os modelos de pagamento existentes no Sistema Único de Saúde referentes aos repasses federais para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e a Atenção Especializada à Saúde. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo e analítico, desenvolvido em três etapas: levantamento de todos os tipos de repasse da União; classificação de cada categoria de repasse segundo os tipos de modelos de pagamentos; e mensuração da participação de cada modelo de pagamento, de acordo com os componentes de financiamento analisados, em relação aos valores líquidos repassados. Resultados: Os repasses federais foram classificados em sete modelos de pagamentos. Para a APS, em 2020, foram apurados R$ 21,7 bilhões, aproximadamente, incluindo os recursos destinados para a pandemia, e R$ 20,9 bilhões, sem considerar os recursos para enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19. Mais de 50% dos valores empregados foram classificados como capitação, em ambos os casos. Para a Atenção Especializada à Saúde, em 2019, foram computados em torno de R$ 48,5 bilhões e, em 2020, acima de R$ 49,2 bilhões. Para os dois anos, mais de 70% dos recursos foram destinados a pagamentos por procedimento. Conclusões: Este estudo permitiu a ampliação do conhecimento sobre a alocação dos recursos referentes aos repasses da União para estados, Distrito Federal e municípios. Como os modelos de pagamentos estão relacionados com a produtividade, acesso e qualidade do serviço de saúde, conhecer as formas de pagamento e identificar a mais adequada para cada situação contribui para o alcance das metas e para a mitigação de eventuais perdas de eficiência nos sistemas de saúde.

Objective: This study aims at identifying the payment methods existing in the Unified Health System referring to federal transfers to Primary Health Care (PHC) and Specialized Health Care. Methods: A quantitative and analytical study was carried out, developed in three stages: survey of all types of transfers from the Union; classification of each transfer category according to the types of payment methods and measurement of the participation of each payment methods, according to the financing components analyzed, in relation to the net values transferred. Results: Federal transfers were classified into seven payment methods. For PHC, in 2020, approximately R$ 21.7 billion was calculated, including resources destined for the pandemic, and R$ 20.9 billion without considering resources to face the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 50% of the amounts used were classified as capitation, in both cases. For specialized health care, in 2019, around R$ 48.5 billion were calculated, and in 2020 more than R$ 49.2 billion. For the two years, more than 70% of the funds were allocated to fee for service. Conclusions: This study allowed for an expansion in knowledge about the allocation of resources referring to transfers from the Union to states, the Federal District and municipalities. As the payment methods are related to productivity, access and quality of the health service, knowing and identifying the most appropriate payment methods for each situation contributes to the achievement of the goals and to the mitigation of eventual losses of efficiency in the healthcare systems.

Analysis of payment models applied to federal funding from the perspective of the Brazilian Health System

Objective: This study aims at identifying the payment methods existing in the Unified Health System referring to federal transfers to Primary Health Care (PHC) and Specialized Health Care. Methods: A quantitative and analytical study was carried out, developed in three stages: survey of all types of transfers from the Union; classification of each transfer category according to the types of payment methods and measurement of the participation of each payment methods, according to the financing components analyzed, in relation to the net values transferred. Results: Federal transfers were classified into seven payment methods. For PHC, in 2020, approximately R$ 21.7 billion was calculated, including resources destined for the pandemic, and R$ 20.9 billion without considering resources to face the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 50% of the amounts used were classified as capitation, in both cases. For specialized health care, in 2019, around R$ 48.5 billion were calculated, and in 2020 more than R$ 49.2 billion. For the two years, more than 70% of the funds were allocated to fee for service. Conclusions: This study allowed for an expansion in knowledge about the allocation of resources referring to transfers from the Union to states, the Federal District and municipalities. As the payment methods are related to productivity, access and quality of the health service, knowing and identifying the most appropriate payment methods for each situation contributes to the achievement of the goals and to the mitigation of eventual losses of efficiency in the healthcare systems.

Marcadores da autopercepção positiva de saúde de pessoas idosas no Brasil / Marcadores de la autopercepción positiva de la salud de personas mayores en Brasil / Positive self-perceived health markers in the older adult population in Brazil

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os determinantes demográficos e socioeconômicos que podem influenciar a autopercepção positiva de saúde de pessoas idosas no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo de natureza descritiva que utiliza dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013 que constituí uma amostra ponderada de 11,8 milhões de idosos residentes no Brasil. A variável desfecho analisada é a autopercepção de saúde e foi categorizada em positiva e negativa. As variáveis independentes contemplam três dimensões: sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e aspectos de saúde. As análises foram apresentadas em forma de razão de chances obtidas através da aplicação do modelo de regressão logístico binário. Resultados: Os resultados evidenciam, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres, que ter se autodeclarado branco, não apresentar doenças crônicas ou incapacidades funcionais, ter um estilo de vida mais saudável (nunca ter fumado e ter participado de atividades de interação social religiosa com maior frequência), e níveis de escolaridade mais elevados contribuem para que as chances sejam maiores de uma percepção positiva da saúde. Pessoas idosas com ensino médio completo e superior incompleto apresentaram três vezes maiores chances de percepção positiva da saúde em relação aos idosos sem o nível fundamental completo. Conclusão: O estudo identificou os determinantes sociais de saúde dos idosos e a relação com uma percepção positiva da saúde. Identificar e analisar estas associações são pontos importantes para a elaboração de políticas públicas específicas, visando a equidade e a promoção da saúde.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los determinantes demográficos y socioeconómicos que pueden influir en la autopercepción positiva de la salud de personas mayores en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de naturaleza descriptiva que utiliza datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud realizada en 2013, que constituye una muestra ponderada de 11,8 millones de adultos mayores residentes en Brasil. La variable de resultado analizada es la autopercepción de la salud y fue categorizada en positiva y negativa. Las variables independientes contemplan tres dimensiones: sociodemográficas, estilo de vida y aspectos de la salud. Los análisis se presentaron en forma de razón de momios obtenidos mediante la aplicación del modelo de regresión logística binario. Resultados: Los resultados evidencian que, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, haberse autodeclarado blanco, no presentar enfermedades crónicas o incapacidades funcionales, tener un estilo de vida más saludable (nunca haber fumado y haber participado en actividades de interacción social religiosa con mayor frecuencia) y tener un nivel de escolaridad más elevado contribuyen para que las probabilidades de una percepción positiva de la salud sean mayores. Personas mayores con educación secundaria completa y educación superior incompleta presentaron probabilidades tres veces mayores de una percepción positiva de la salud con relación a los adultos mayores sin el nivel primario completo. Conclusión: El estudio identificó los determinantes sociales de salud de los adultos mayores y la relación con una percepción positiva de la salud. Identificar y analizar estas relaciones son puntos importantes para la elaboración de políticas públicas específicas, que busquen equidad y promoción de la salud.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the demographic and socioeconomic determinants that can influence the positive self-perceived health of older adult people in Brazil. Method: A quantitative and descriptive study using data from the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2013. This survey constituted a weighted sample of 11.8 million older people living in Brazil. The outcome variable analyzed is self-perceived health, and was categorized as positive and negative. The independent variables contemplate three dimensions: sociodemographic, lifestyle and health aspects. The analyzes were presented as Odds Ratio obtained by applying the binary logistic regression model. Results: The results show, for both men and women, that having declared themselves white, not having chronic illnesses or functional disabilities, having a healthier lifestyle (never having smoked and having participated in religious social interaction activities more frequently) and higher levels of education contribute to the chances of a better perception of health being greater. Older people with complete high school and incomplete higher education were three times more likely to have a positive perception of health than those without complete elementary school. Conclusion: This study identified the social determinants of health of older persons and the relationship with a positive perception of health. Identifying and analyzing these associations are important points for the elaboration of specific public policies, aiming at equity and health promotion.

Conditional cash transfers and the creation of equal opportunities of health for children in low and middle-income countries: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) have been largely used in the world during the past decades, since they are known for enhancing children's human development and promoting social inclusion for the most deprived groups. In other words, CCTs seek to create life chances for children to overcome poverty and exclusion, thus reducing inequality of opportunity. The main goal of the present article is to identify studies capable of showing if CCTs create equality of opportunity in health for children in low and middle-income countries. METHODOLOGY: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in the Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science electronic bibliographic databases. Relevant studies were searched using the combination of key words (either based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms or free text terms) related to conditional cash transfers, child health and equality of opportunity. An integrative research review was conducted on 17 quantitative studies. RESULTS: The effects of CCTs on children's health outcomes related to Social Health Determinants were mostly positive for immunization rates or vaccination coverage and for improvements in child morbidity. Nevertheless, the effects of CCTs were mixed for the child mortality indicators and biochemical or biometric health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The present literature review identified five CCTs that provided evidence regarding the creation of health opportunities for children under 5 years old. Nevertheless, cash transfers alone or the use of conditions may not be able to mitigate poverty and health inequalities in the presence of poor health services.